Kaolin is mined and processed for diverse end-use markets. Its versatility derives from its naturally occurring range of crystal shapes, sizes ,and layer structures. These attributes, along with desirable rheological, chemical, and optical properties, give kaolinites value as an industrial raw material.
Kaolin has limited utility in its raw form, and the majority of end-use applications require a refined product derived from a combination of controlled mining and selective processing to engineer specific properties. Kaolin mining began in the Neolithic when early humans discovered that the material could be used as a white pigment for painting and decoration.
These miners devised simple process to transform the raw mineral into a form that could be more readily applied to surfaces. The process started with digging kaolin from river banks, drying it, grinding it into a fine powder, and finally mixing it with various binders, including animal fat, saliva, water, and blood.
For thousands of years after the first kaolin-based paint was placed in the hands of prehistoric artists, kaolin mining and processing barely changed. Small advances were made as new applications were discovered, but the basic process remained more or less the same. In some parts of the world, the same small-scale mining methods that provided clay for cave art are still employed today to extract clay for mud huts, earthenware pottery, and handmade tile.
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