Bonny Island Liquified Natural Gas Plant Development by Limult
The Plant
The plant ranks amongst the biggest and top performers worldwide; its performance is regularly benchmarked internationally with other LNG plants around the world.
The plant has rapidly and successfully made the transition
from a construction project to a stable production operation, with a robust
framework of people, processes, systems and organisation, as well as relentless
focus on operational excellence and continuous improvement. In addition to
regular maintenance of the assets to assure integrity and reliability,
opportunities are continuously sought to debottleneck the plant, incorporating
proven techniques and processes to maximize production and manage human
interferences and impacts. The plant has also embarked on a structured
programme of asset rejuvenation to extend the plant life beyond the current
design life. All these activities are underpinned by a Health, Safety, Security
and Environment (HSSE) culture that continually seeks improvements in the safe
and sustainable utilisation of our assets.
For NLNG, November 1995 will remain a remarkable month in
its corporate history. That was when the Final Investment Decision (FID) was
taken by the shareholders to build a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant in
Finima, Bonny Island in Rivers State. This was followed in December 1995 by the
award of a turnkey Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contract to
a consortium of engineering firms, TSKJ, comprised of Technip, Snamprogetti,
M.W. Kellog and Japan Gas Corporation for the Plant (consisting of two
trains—Trains 1 and 2, called the Base Project), the Gas Transmission System
(GTS) and the Residential Area (RA).
Construction at the Plant site commenced in February 1996
and on August 12, 1999, Train 2 was ready for startup. Production of LNG
commenced on September 15. Train 1 subsequently came on stream on February 27,
2000. The second phase of development, called Expansion Project, commenced with
an FID in February 1999 to develop Train 3 and the Plant's Natural Gas Liquids
(NGLs) Handling Unit (LHU)—condensate stabilisation and Liquefied Petroleum Gas
(LPG) production units. The expansion project was completed and came into
operation in November 2002.
The next phase of development called the NLNGPlus Project,
comprised of Trains 4 and 5, commenced with an FID in March 2002. Train 4 came
on stream in November 2005 and Train 5 was started up I February 2006. NLNGSix
Project, consisting of Train 6 and additional condensate processing, LPG
storage and jetty facilities, commenced with an FID in 2004. Train 6 became
operational in December 2007.
With six trains currently operational, the entire complex is
capable of producing 22 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) of LNG, and 5mtpa of
NGLs from 3.5 Billion (standard) cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) of natural gas
intake.
Plans for building Train 7 which will lift the total
production capacity to 30mtpa of LNG are currently progressing. FID for the
8mtpa train was taken in December 2019, paving the way for the award of
Engineering, Procurement and Construction Contracts to SCD JV Consortium in May
2020. Find out more about Train 7 Project.
The main elements of the facilities already in operation
are:
Diversified gas supply (Associated Gas and Non-Associated
Gas) and six main dedicated gas transmission pipelines, with four of them
located on-shore.
Six LNG processing units (trains) with a total nameplate
processing capacity of 22mtpa.
Four LNG storage tanks, each with a capacity of 84,200 cubic
metres.
Four LPG refrigerated storage tanks, each with a capacity of
65,000 cubic metres (two each for propane and butane).
Contact Us at +2347052446249 for more information on our refining industry development services or visit our store at www.limult.com/shop to see more products that we make available for the people.
Warri Oil Refinery Development by Limult
The Warri refinery was established
in 1978 with a refining nameplate capacity of 100,000 barrels per stream day
plant and was debottlenecked to 125,000 barrels per stream day in 1987. The
refinery is located at Ekpan, Warri, Delta State, and it is operated by the
Warri Refining & Petrochemicals Company (WRPC) Limited, an NNPC subsidiary.
The refinery was installed as a complex conversion plant capable of producing
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Dual Purpose
Kerosene (DPK), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO), and Fuel Oil from a blend of Escravos
and Ughelli crude oils’. WRPC has a petrochemical plant complex that produces
Polyproylene, and carbon black from the propylene-rich feedstock and decant oil
from the Fluid Catalytic Cracking unit (FCCU).
Apr. 30, 2000, Nigeria awarded
Italian company Comerint SPA a $7.6 million contract for turnaround maintenance
for its 125,000 b/d refinery at Warri, said a spokesman for Nigerian National
Petroleum Corp. The work was expected to be completed within 5 months. The
contract was part of a drive by NNPC to repair all its refineries, which have
been plagued for years by repeated and debilitating failures.
The plant has been out of service
due to an explosion in its crude distillation unit heater that caused major
damage to the main crude oil heater. Ten companies were shortlisted for the
Warri contract before Comerint won the bidding process. The most recent
maintenance work was in 1994.
Nigeria has three other refineries
60,000 b/d and 150,000 b/d plants at Port Harcourt in the
southeast and a 110,000 b/d plant at Kaduna, in the north. Turnaround
maintenance at Port Harcourt's 60,000 b/d refinery was completed in 1999, while
the 150,000 b/d plant was shut for similar work on May 15. It is being rehabilitated
by Nigerian firm Chrome.
The rehabilitation of the Kaduna
plant, started more than 2 years ago with an expected cost of $240 million, is
yet to be completed.
Nigeria plans to eventually
privatize the four plants, which provide only 40% of domestic refined products
supply.
Contact us at +2347052446249 for
more information on our refining industry development services or visit our
store at www.limult.com/shop to see more products that we make available for
the people.
Port Harcourt Oil Refinery Development by Limult
Petroleum Minister Timipre Sylva was cited by Agence France-Presse (AFP) as saying that Italian firm Maire Tecnimont has already been selected by the government to undertake the repair work at the Port Harcourt refinery, which has a refining capacity of about 210,000bpd.
Due to the lack of domestic refining capacity, the country relies on imported petroleum products despite being Africa’s top oil producer, reported AFP.
Crude oil almost always needs to be processed (refined) prior to consumption. The process of refining separates crude oil into useable finished products for transportation, residential and commercial heating, power generation, petrochemical production and asphalt formation. It is refining that gives oil its value to end-customers. Marketing refers simply to the distribution and sale of refined products, from bulk distribution to retailing. Integrated oil companies tend to report refining and marketing earnings together.
The refining industry is a global, highly cyclical commodity business in which profitability is sensitive to marginal changes in product supply or demand. Marketing, on the other hand, is more regional in nature, and earnings are more stable. The volatility of refining and marketing, or ‘downstream’ earnings, arises primarily because of the cyclicality of refining margins.
Limult Group provide a refinery project management service, providing our clients with expert consultation on refinery construction projects and new proposals, oil refinery plant optimization and the development of new strategies for the marketing of crude oil products.
Contact Us at +2347052446249 for more information on our refining industry development services or visit our store at www.limult.com/shop to see more products that we make available for the people.
Limult Railway Development
In most of the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries railways have played, throughout history, a key part in the economic development maintaining a dominant role in transporting freight and passengers at low costs. During the last 50 years, the road transport in the region as throughout the world has expanded rapidly due to the aggressive development of the automobile industry. African governments have invested mainly in road infrastructure improvement, neglecting railways. The liberalization in road transport and the slow response of railways to adapt to the new market conditions resulted in dramatic traffic decline in rail transport. By 1990 most of the Sub-Saharan African railways were in virtual bankruptcy, requiring permanent cash injection and large investments in infrastructure and rolling stock. To address the crisis, many governments have considered concessions as a solution, and between the mid-1990s and 2010 most of the railways were concessioned. Currently, more than 70 percent of the rail transport activities in the region (excluding South Africa) are managed by private operators. The World Bank Group (IDA and IFC) has supported most concession processes through grants and loans, investing since 1996 more than one billion dollars to support the efforts of the governments and private operators. The recommendations suggested in the present document are based on a comprehensive approach for improving the performance of the railway sector in parallel with the enhancement of the governance of the transport sector. The rhythm of implementation of such a complex set of recommendations may vary from country to country depending on local conditions and will require, in any case, a long period of time. Nevertheless, the dramatic status of the railway transport sector in SSA requires rapid actions. In this respect, the present work includes a selected list of most urgent recommendations to be implemented in the first stage. The way ahead for improving the performance of railways in Sub-Saharan Africa is a complex endeavor that cannot be achieved without the strong involvement of the private sector.
Feel free to visit our store at www.limult.com/shop to see more products that we make available for the people. For further inquiries, call us on +2347052446249.
Limult Cocoa Yam Processing Factory
Colocasia esculenta popularly known as cocoyam is a tropical, perennial crop. It is a starchy tuber crop with three parts namely; corm, stem and leaves, which is grown basically for edible root. It can also be grown as an ornamental plant for the beautification of the environment as well as a medicinal plant.
Cocoyam has its origin from Asia or Southeast Asia as some researchers have found out and it is a known staple crop in most developing countries of Africa. It can also be found in India, USA, Japan as well as Singapore.
Cocoyam can be processed into more stable food so that shelf-life can be extended and to process it into more consumable forms. These include poi (fresh or fermented paste), cocoyam flour, cereal base, chips, sun-dried slices, grits, and drum-dried flakes. Cocoyam can be used industrially in making syrups which can be used in jams, jellies, and soft drinks. Proper processing method to stabilizing corms and cocoyam flours could resolve the problem of food security in cocoyam producing areas. As a result of various potentials of cocoyam, this crop can ameliorate the problems of food insecurity in most developing countries. The industrial application will also help in boosting the economy of most countries. Modern technology can be used in processing cocoyam to meet the international standards, hence facilitate exportation of some of cocoyam products.
Feel free to visit our store at www.limult.com/shop to see more products that we make available for the people. For further inquiries, call us on +2347052446249.
Limult Sweet Potato Processing Factory
Sweet potato is a major root crop utilized widely for diverse food applications. Processing enables the usability of sweet potato in various forms for longer durations. Post-harvest processing of sweet potato involves grading and sorting, cleaning, peeling, drying or secondary processing and storage. Commercial utility of sweet potato is comprised of conventional and composite ingredient-based foods, starch, and industrial products.
Many parts of the sweet potato plant are edible, including the root, leaves, and shoots.
Sweetpotato vines also provide the basis for a high-protein animal feed.
Sweetpotato use has diversified considerably over the last four decades. With high starch content, it is well suited to processing and has become an important source of raw material for starch and starch-derived industrial products.
Added value for farmers comes from a variety of products and ingredients made from sweetpotato root including flour, dried chips, juice, bread, noodles, candy, and pectin.
New products include liquors and a growing interest in the use of the anthocyanin pigments in the purple varieties for food colorings and use in the cosmetics industry.
Processing and Utilization
Sweet potato roots and other plant parts are used as human food, animal feed, and processing industry. For industrial processing, starch, sugars, and natural colorants are the major inter-mediate products that can be used in both food and non food processing industry. Sweet potato varieties with high levels of dry matter (35–41%), total starch (25–27%), and extractable starch (20–23%) are available for starch processing. There are many small and medium factories. The process for manufacturing sweet potato starch is basically similar to the starch extraction from other sources. The roots are ground in limewater (pH 8.6–9.2) to prevent browning due to polyphenol oxidase, to dissolve pigments, and to flocculate the impurities. The extracted starch is separated from the pulp by thoroughly washing over a series of screens, bleaching with sodium hypochlorite, and then settling by gravity or centrifugation. In small‐scale establishments, starch is stored wet in concrete tanks or sun‐dried to a moisture con-tent of about 12%, pulverized and screened. Centrifugation and mechanical drying, such as flash dryer, are commonly used for medium‐scale factories. Sweet potato starch is used in the production of traditional noodles, vermicelli, thickening agents, or converted into sugar syrups, which are used in many processed food products. The sweet potato starch and sugars are also utilized in the production of fuel alcohol, monosodium glutamate, microbial enzymes, citric acid, lactic acid, and other chemicals.